عيادة بيطرية

. Milk products are bad for dogs

Some adult dogs can lack the digestive enzyme needed to process lactose. Try your dog with a small volume of milk to see what happens. Milk products such as yoghurt (natural, unsweetened), cottage cheese, and buttermilk are excellent foods for dogs, and good sources of bioavailable calcium.  

date 3/28/2013

Bones are bad for dogs

Wrong! Cooked bones are bad for dogs. They can splinter and damage the gut. However, managed sensibly, raw bones are beneficial to teeth and gums and provide a relaxing treat. If you are worried about feeding raw bones, use mutton flap or brisket, which contain quite soft bones.

date


Preventing Obesity in Dogs

1-Provide exercise

Exercise has many benefits. It not only helps to burn calories but it also:
-  Strengthens respiratory and circulatory systems
-  Helps get oxygen to tissue cells
-  Keeps muscles toned and joints flexible
-  Releases energy, relieves boredom, and keeps mind active
-  Aids in digestion


2-Choose the correct type and amount of food


Dogs need different types and amounts of food during their life stages. Younger animals require more energy, protein, and minerals than older dogs. Active field trial dogs, and dogs 
who are outside in cooler weather would also have greater

energy needs. Pregnant or nursing dogs require increased protein, minerals, and energy. 'Couch potato' dogs, however, have much lower energy needs. Older dogs, even if they remain active, may require fewer calories than when they were young.

Some dogs regulate their intake well, others eat anything in sight. In general, it is best to provide food as 'meals' rather than having a food bowl filled with food available at all times (free choice, ad. lib.). This way it is easier to monitor intake and food will not become stale. 
In a multiple pet household, providing food as meals also helps to ensure the pet is eating 
the food appropriate for him.



3-Regularly monitor the dog's weight


It is easy for us to put on a couple of pounds and not notice it until we try wearing something we have not worn for a while. It is even harder to notice small weight gains in dogs. By routinely weighing your dog (at the same time of day, on the same scale), you will be able to notice a slight weight increase (or decrease) before it becomes a serious problem.

4-Regulate the weight of young dogs

Dogs who are overweight while growing have a greaterrisk of becoming overweight as adults. We need to make sure growing animals have adequate nutrition, but we do not want to feed too much. In addition to contributing to weight problems as the animal ages, excess weight when young can contribute to other problems such as joint disease.


5-Limit or eliminate treats and table scraps


The extra calories and decreased nutritional value of treats and table scraps are often the biggest offenders when it comes to weight control. Treats are generally better than table scraps, and have their use, as when training dogs to 'come.' But giving too many treats can have serious consequences. Most dogs, when it comes right down to it, would rather have your attention than a treat. Spending extra time playing or grooming your dog will probably give you both much more satisfaction than the treat, which is gobbled up in three seconds and then forgotten 

6-Treat any contributing factors or diseases


Although most weight gain in dogs is simply due to feeding too much or exercising too little, there are medical conditions which can contribute to obesity. Many of these conditions can be treated. If your dog has an unexplained increase in appetite or weight, 
have your dog examined by your veterinarian to be sure there is not a disease process causing the problem. 

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  Treatment Dog  Overweight

Treatment of any concurrent or underlying disease that affects obesity is recommended.


* Lower your dog's daily caloric intake by changing the dog
    food product (there are several diets formulated for weight
    loss) or the amount fed daily.


* Increasing fiber or water intake may sometimes be necessary
    to satiate your dog.


* Increase exercise activity. To enhance exercise, a variety of 
    leashes and toys are available


Characteristics of a Good Weight Loss Diet
Essential to a good weight reduction program is reducing the calories fed, but how much? Most weight loss protocols for dogs recommend feeding 75% of the energy needs your pet would need when he is at his ideal weight. There is extreme variability (up to 20%) in the actual energy animals of the same weight may need since their activity level can vary greatly. For this reason, the dog's response to the 

weight reduction program is monitored and adjustments made as necessary.

Regular food or diet food?
There are two basic ways to cut down on calories. One is to feed less of the food the dog is currently eating. The second is to switch to special weight reduction diets. And of course, with either way, table scraps are a no-no and treats need to be minimized.
There are several advantages to feeding a balanced commercial weight reduction diet. First, weight reduction diets are generally high-fiber, low-fat diets which have a low energy density and allow a greater loss of body fat than simply feeding smaller amounts of a high-fat diet. This is because fat contains over twice as many calories as protein and carbohydrates and low-calorie dense foods tend to produce satiety (a feeling of being full) at a lower level of calorie intake. In addition, more energy is used in digesting and absorbing low-fat, high-fiber diets. Finally, by reducing the amount of the food currently being fed, you are also decreasing the level of protein, vitamins, minerals, etc., not just the fat. These reductions could be eliminated by using supplements, but it is much more difficult to achieve the right balance.
There are some instances in which feeding less of the current diet is preferred. If a dog is already on a special diet because of another medical condition (e.g.; bladder stones), it would be beneficial to maintain the pet on that diet. In some instances, the restricted availability of special weight reduction foods or their increased cost may make feeding less of the normal diet more appealing to the owner.
There are many weight reduction and "lite"diets available and include Drs. Foster and Smith Adult Lite Dog Food, Hill's Prescription Diet r/d and w/d, Royal Canin Calorie Control CC Diet, Purina's OM-Formula, and Eukanuba's Reduced Fat Formula. In addition, there are 'grocery store' brands which market themselves as weight reduction or weight control diets. Many pet foods claim to be diet foods and nutritionally balanced. To be sure your dog is receiving adequate nutrition while on a weight reduction diet; consider some of the guidelines below.
Summary
Weight reduction diets can be helpful tools in producing weight loss in overweight animals. In selecting a weight reduction diet, a nutrient analysis should be performed to ensure the animal will maintain adequate nutrition during the weight reduction process. Increasing exercise and eliminating treats need to go hand in hand with the reducing diet, if we are to achieve optimal results.

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How Do I Determine if My Dog is Overweight?


Q. When is a dog considered to be fat?
A. Veterinarians often use a 9 point scoring system to evaluate the body condition of pets. A point value of 1 means the dog or cat is extremely thin to the point of emaciation. A score of 9 means the pet is grossly overweight. And like Goldilocks and the three bears, a score of 5 is 'just right.' To determine body score, there are several specific areas of the dog or cat we look at. Remember, these are guidelines. A Greyhound with a score of 5 is still going to be thinner than a Bulldog with the same score.
NOTE: We have included some illustrations at the end of this article which depict the contours of various body scores.
To perform the rating, we first feel the pet's ribs. We should be able to quite easily feel the ribs. There should be a slight amount of fat over them, but each rib should be distinct. If you can see the ribs, the pet is too thin. If you can not feel them at all, the pet is very overweight.
Second, check the area near the base of the tail. There should be a slight fat covering over this area and it should feel smooth. If the bones protrude, the pet is too thin; if you can not feel any bones at all, the pet is very overweight.
Third, feel other bony prominences on the pet's body such as the spine, shoulders, and hips. Again, you should be able to feel a small amount of fat over these areas. If these bones are easily felt or visible, the dog or cat is too thin. If you can not feel the bones beneath the layer of fat, the animal is obviously overweight.
Fourth, look at your pet from above. The animal should have a definite waist behind the ribs. If the waist is extreme, or again, bony prominences are visible, the animal is too thin. If there is no waist, or worse yet, the area between the ribs and hips is wider than the hips or ribs, the dog or cat is grossly overweight.
Fifth, look at the pet from the side. Dogs and cats should have an abdominal tuck, i.e., the area behind the ribs should be smaller in diameter than the chest. This can vary a lot between breeds. Irish Setters and Greyhounds, for instance, appear to have a much more distinct abdominal tuck, since they are so deep-chested. An animal who is too thin will have a very severe abdominal tuck. Overweight animals will have no abdominal tuck.
If you feel your dog is overweight, consult your veterinarian to determine if there are any other medical problems before starting the animal on a weight reduction program. Your veterinarian can also suggest various diets, how fast your pet should lose weight, etc .


Very Thin
Body Score = 1

Thin
Body Score = 3

Ideal
Body Score = 5

Overweight
Body Score = 7

Obese
Body Score = 9

 

Health Risks in Overweight or Obese Dogs


As in people, dogs carrying extra pounds of weight place extra demands on virtually all the organs of their bodies. When we overload these organs, disease and sometimes death are the consequences. The health risks to overweight dogs are serious and every dog owner should be aware of them. The more common consequences of obesity in dogs are discussed below.
-      Diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes)
-      Damage to joints, bones, and ligaments
-      Heart disease and increased blood pressure
-      Difficulty breathing
-      Decreased stamina
-      Heat intolerance
-      Decreased liver function
-      Increased surgical and anesthetic risk
-      Reproductive problems
-      Digestive disorders
-      Decreased immune function
-      Skin and hair coat problems
-      Increased risk of cancer
-      Decreased quality and length of life

date

dog breed


Dog breeds

A dog breed is defined by a breed standard which describes the dog's physical characteristics in detail. However, there are more characteristics than color, pattern, or hair length to define a dog breed.

Many breeds can be seen as real pet dogs while others fulfill important tasks in supporting and facilitating human life, such as

guide dogs,
guard dogs,
hunting dogs,
herding dogs,
sled dogs,
racing dogs.

In a sense, these dog breeds are real partners for their owners. But all – pets and partners – have one thing in common: they are companions for humans.

Dog Breeds - examples

Afghan hound


Fox terrier

Basset hound


German shepherd

Beagle


Greyhound

Bobtail


Griffon terrier

Boxer


Husky

Bull terrier


Irish setter

Bulldog


Labrador retriever

Chihuahua


Münsterländer

Chow chow


Newfoundland

Cocker spaniel


Pekingese

Collie


Pit bull terrier

Dalmatian


Poodle

Dingo


Rottweiler

Doberman


Tyroler Bracke

Foxhound


Yorkshire terrier
You'd like to aquire a dog?

All dogs can make good companions, but sometimes their needs, yours, and your family's needs come into conflict. Consider your lifestyle when making your decision. If you have no family, travel a lot and work long hours, you should reconsider getting a dog. Dogs are very social animals and need lots of interaction. They need you as a companion too.

And never forget: cute and helpless looking puppies grow up. They are still cute then, but in a very different way! And grown-up dogs are able to make their way, but they do not want to make it without your help!
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House-Training

There are two things you should always keep in mind when you start house-training your dog:
your canine companion is a born pleaser and you should always keep a regular schedule.
For house-training a puppy the best method is the so-called crate training.
When home for the first time, place your puppy in its own crate.
Take her out frequently so she never has to soil her crate.
This method really works since most animals try to keep the area where they sleep clean. After a few months most dogs will be able to go all night without accidents. When you've taken your puppy outside have a word with her. Say key words, such as "business," "hurry up" or "go pee," Once it clicks that you want them to go outside to do their "business", they'll do their best.


In general, housing cats and dogs together is not a problem provided that they get to know their different languages. For example, wagging the tail is a sign of cheerfulness for a dog, but it means anger or fury for a cat. To conclude from this that they are natural enemies is wrong.

If they come into the household as very young animals and grow up together, cats and dogs usually become good friends. A grown-up dog tends to accept a very young cat as a member of his pack. On the other hand you should be careful bringing together an adult, self-confident cat and a young dog.

When another animal is introduced to your companion's territory, the animals need time to accept and get used to each other. Do not force them together in the same room or area in the first few days. Give them time to scent the presence of the other animal before their first meeting. And always leave an opportunity for escape, especially for younger cats

date 2/05/2012


Dog Care

Depending on the species and way of life, dogs require differing amounts of care.



Skin and fur




Care
Long coats must be brushed regularly to prevent matting. Brush from head to tail, not the other way around. If you are not sure how to care for your animal's coat, ask an experienced dog groomer. Thick or matted hair often leads to skin disease (flea allergy dermatitis; FAD), especially in combination with dampness or dirt.
 
 
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While some dogs just naturally smell a little ripe, bad odors often are a sign that they've been rolling in something they shouldn't. If the animal must be bathed, use lukewarm water and if necessary, a small amount of dog shampoo (rinse well!). Do not use shampoo intended for people - it is not suitable for use on animals. If you think your animal may have a skin problem, it is imperative that you visit a veterinarian!

Regular eye inspections

Eyes should be inspected regularly, at the very least once a year when the animal receives its annual vaccinations by a veterinarian. Many dog breeds eyes are susceptible to enhanced lacrimation. To prevent the secretion from becoming encrusted it should be removed soon using a clean damp cloth.


Teeth and periodontal disease


Teeth should also be inspected regularly. Although dogs rarely get cavities, many dogs have some degree of periodontal disease caused by plaque bacteria. Over time, periodontal disease can lead to erosion of gum tissue and the bones supporting the teeth, causing teeth to loosen and fall out. This can be prevented through correct nutrition.


Check the ears


Also pay attention to the health of the ears: droopy ears and long hair often lead to poor ventilation and make self-cleaning difficult; painful ear infections may result. Plucking, regular inspection and the use of special ear cleansers are necessary in these cases.

Your companion's vitality



Care

One major reason for people to have a dog is their vitality. The companionship of such an animal can make life easier and happier and help compensate for many other shortcomings. Maintaining your dog's vitality and happiness, requires that you provide a balanced diet (nutrition) and give your dog sufficient exercise and animation

date



الالتهاب الرئوى
من الامراض الشائعه وهو عباره عن التهاب أنسجه الرئتين lung tissue and bronchioles
 

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الأسباب- Causes :
1-فى الأبقار - In Cattle :
Pasreurella multocida ,Salmonella,TB ,IBR ,Parainfluenza 3 ,Verminous pneumonia .

2-فى الخيل - In Horse :
Streptococc (Strangles) ,Corynbacterium ,E coli Adeno virus , and EVR.

3-فى الضأن - In Sheep :
Corynbacterium,Pasreurella multocida ,Parainfluenza 3 .




 
الأعراض - Clinical Finding :
 

Off food , dullness , decrease in milk production , rumenstasis ,painful cugh congested mucous membrane , nasal discharge , continous or recurrent fever , in verminous pneumonia protrusion of the tongue exopectoration of mucous .

العلاج - Treatment :

Line of treatment:

1- Antibiotic
2-EXpetorant
3-Mucolytic
4- Anti - inflammatory
5- Heart tonic
6- Vitamine C

الوقايه - Control:
 

Vaccination for pneumpnia as Cattle Master four to the dam in the 7 month of pregnancy and 2 weeks before parturation 5 cc S/C

date


CAMEL DISEASES

The camel remains an integral parts of the culture and agriculture of many countries specially inAfricaand Arab world. Beside it considered as a source of meat and wool production, it is also a hardly animal well adapted to living in a desert environment, so it still used in military services.

The world population of camel is around 15 million, about 85000 of them were found inEgypt.

Camel diseases:

(A) Bacterial diseases:

(1) Anthrax.
(2) Brucellosis.
(3) Tubercullosis (T. B.).
(4) Salmonellosis.
(5) Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (H. S.).
(6) Camel Plague.
(7) Contagious skin necrosis.
(8) Paratuberculosis (Jhone's disease).
(9) Leptospirosis.
(10) Listeriosis.
(11) Caseous lymphadenitis.
(12) Clostridial diseases.
(a) Tetanus.
(b) Black quarter.
(c) Infectious enterotoxaemia .
(13) Actinomycosis.
(14) Streptococcal abortion.
(15) Contagious pleuropneumonia.

(B) Fungal disease:

*Ringworm.

(C) Viral diseases:

(1) Camel pox.
(2) Rabies.
(3) Rinderpest.
(4) Foot and mouth disease (F.M.D.).
(5) African horse sickness (A.H.S.).
(6) Rift valley fever.
(7) Parainfluenza-3.
(8) Infection bovine Rhinotracheitis.
(9) Bovine virus diarrhea.
10) Blue tongue.
(11) Mucosal Disease.

Other viruses isolated from tick attached other viruses isolated from tick attached to camel skin:

(a) Wanorui virus. (b) Thogata virus.
(c) Dhori virus. (d) Quarnfie virus.
(e) Kadam virus.

(D) Protozoal Diseases:

(1) Trypanosomiasis.
(2) Leishmaniasis.
(3) Theileria Camelensis.
(4) Anaplasmosis.
(5) Blantiduim.
(6) Coccidiosis:
(a) Gut dowelling coccidia:

* Isospora species. * Eimeria species.

(b) Tissue cyst forming coccidiosis:

*Sarcocystosis * Toxoplasmosis

(E) Helminthes Parasites:

(1) Gastrointestinal nematodes.
(2) Extra intestinal nematodes.

*Onchocerciasis.
*Dipetalonema evansi.
*Thelaziasis.
*Hydatidiosis.

(3) Extra intestinal cestodes.

*Cysticercus ovis.
*Coenurus cerebralis.

(F) Ectoparasites:

(1) Mange (Mites).
(2) Tick:

(a) One host tick (Boophilus spp.)

(b) Two host tick (Hyalomma spp.)

(c) Three host tick (Amblyema spp.)

(3) Myiasis producing flies.

(a) Wohlfahrtia magnifica.
(b) Wohlfahrtia nuba.

(4) Biting flies:

(a) House flies (Tabanus) .
(b) Stable flies (Stomoxys).
(c) Lyperosia (horn fly).
 
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(d) House flies. (Musca domestica).
(e) Camel flies (Hippobosca camelina).
(f) Mosquitoes & Culicoides.
(g) Fleas.
(h) Lices

date


[

Health Managment
Health Managment Vaccination
 
 
If pets could talk, they'd tell you that they loved you. They
can't, so they show you instead. With pets, actions speak louder than words, which is why vaccinating your pet shows just how much you care.

 
Every pet deserves Trusted Lifetime Care (TLC), from healthcare professionals. TLC provides information, practical tools and advice, everything you need to help your pets lead healthy lives. This site is your first port of call if you have any questions about your pet's health. We'll even direct you to your nearest vet.




Vaccinate. The thing you do for love


Health Managment Vaccination

Having your cat or dog vaccinated will help to prevent them from contracting serious, even fatal diseases.

Think of vaccination as a sort of pet insurance policy, which only comes into effect when something goes wrong
How does vaccination work?

Firstly, vaccination doesn't cure diseases; it helps prevent them by stimulating your pet's immune system.

Vaccines contain a slightly altered virus or bacteria which doesn't cause disease, so when your pet is vaccinated, its immune system creates antibodies that work against the virus or bacteria. Later, if your pet contracts that particular disease, those antibodies are quickly produced by the immune system to destroy it.

By vaccinating your pet, you're helping to increase what's called 'population immunity' - which means the disease is less likely to spread when there are more vaccinated than unvaccinated animals in your area. Plus, it's good news for your wallet, as vaccination is far less expensive than the cost of treating your pet once he or she has contracted the disease.


Vaccination is the one way you can help protect your cat or dog's life and wellbeing. If they're not vaccinated, they're at risk.

 
 
Vaccination and your cat

 
Cats are natural roamers and love their independence, so they often come into contact with other animals. The more they do this, the more they're exposed to infectious diseases.
 
 
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Some diseases, like feline panleukopenia and feline leukaemia, almost always end in death in kittens. Others, like feline rhinotracheitis virus and feline calicivirus can cause severe respiratory disease in kittens and affect an adult cat's good health. The good news is many diseases can be prevented by vaccination.

Feline Panleukopenia

Feline Infectious Respiratory Disease

Feline Leukaemia (not required for all cats)


 
 
Vaccination and your dog

Health Managment Vaccination


 
Wagging tails, sniffing noses, bouncing, spinning, you know when your dog's happy to see you. Unfortunately, these same qualities expose them to the risk of infectious diseases through contact with other dogs. It's hard to imagine, but almost all dogs will be exposed to a serious or even fatal disease at some point in their lives, which is why it's so important to protect their wellbeing by vaccinating.

Canine Parvovirus

Canine Distemper

Canine Hepatitis

Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (ITB) - Canine Cough

Leptospirosis


?When should you vaccinate your pets

This depends on the life-stage and lifestyle of your cat or dog, so lets start with a guide for the younger generation...

All kittens and puppies require at least two vaccinations before they turn four months old and then need a booster 1 year later to ensure ongoing protection.

For older pets, the best person to consult about this question is your vet. During a Pet Health Check, your vet can decide on your pet's particular vaccination requirements and then log the details in your Pet's Health Record. Your vet will also send you a separate reminder when additional vaccinations are due.

?What if you choose not to vaccinate

The law in New Zealand does not force pet owners to vaccinate their pets. It lets you decide, which is why it is so important for you to be in a position to make an informed decision.

If you choose not to vaccinate, there may be some negative consequences.

Disease outbreaks (often of typically well controlled diseases such as Parvo where vaccination rates in a particular region are low) do happen in New Zealand but they're not widely publicised. An unvaccinated pet runs the risk of contracting these diseases and spreading them to other pets.
Catteries and Kennels insist that pets are appropriately vaccinated. Unvaccinated pets can be refused entry. Catteries and Kennels aren't just for pet owners who need somewhere to park their pets while they go on holiday. Your house or pet sitter might let you down or your circumstances might change - what do you do if you need someone to look after your pet if you have to go away?
Treating the illness is invariably more expensive (financially and emotionally) than the cost of vaccination.
You might have chosen not to vaccinate and not seen any negative consequences. You may think "it won't happen to my pet, she'll be right", but just think, people say the same thing about car accidents, floods, thefts and worse...

Take time to consider all the information provided on this site. Hopefully it will help you decide that vaccination is important for the ongoing health and wellbeing of your pet.

?What are the risks of vaccinating
 
The benefits of vaccinating your pet far outweigh the potential risks. It is, however, important to understand that some animals may experience certain side-effects, in the same way that people can occasionally when vaccinated. Infrequent side effects that may occur include: swelling or discomfort at the injection site and tiredness for a day or two after vaccination. If concerned, you should contact your vet.

Aotearoa is a great place for pets and pet owners to enjoy long and healthy lives together. Just think, by vaccinating your pets and caring for their health with the support of your vet, you're making this a reality not only for you and your pet, but for countless others like you.




Pet Health Checks
Peace of mind...with every Pet Health Check.

Annual Pet Health Checks are a great way to help your pet enjoy a long and happy life. After all, your pets can't tell you if they're hurting or feel unwell, plus they age much faster than humans (1 human year = 7-8 pet years).

With regular visits, your vet will be able to spot problems before they get too serious.

Vaccination requirements are assessed during a Pet Health Check.
 
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Better to have peace of mind than run into trouble later on
 
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If you haven't already got one, ask your vet to provide you with a little booklet called a Pet Health Record. It contains everything you and your vet need to know about your pet's health and wellbeing. It also reminds you about your next Pet Health Check, although your vet will still send you a separate reminder.

Recent scientific studies have shown that vaccinations don't necessarily need to be given each year. The best way to find out how often your pet needs vaccinating is to talk with your vet when you go for a Pet Health Check.

During your appointment your pet will receive a thorough nose to tail examination and you'll be asked relevant health-related questions about your pet

date




(Urinary Tract Infection (UTI




Urinary Tract Infection (UTi)




Overview


Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common ailment in small animals. The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, ureters (tubes that carry urine to the bladder for storage), the urinary bladder, and the urethra that conducts urine outside the body. A urinary tract infection could involve any of these areas, though most commonly when we speak of a urinary tract infection we mean bladder infection.

Bacterial UTI is a common infectious disease of dogs, affecting 14% of all dogs during their lifetime. It is less common in cats, and is seen only infrequently in large animals.



Causes

Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI) typically result from normal skin and GI tract flora ascending the urinary tract and overcoming the normal urinary tract defences that prevent colonization.
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Infection can occur at a single site, setting off inflammation in the kidneys (pyelonephritis), ureters (ureteritis), bladder (cystitis), urethra (urethritis) or the prostate gland (prostatitis); at multiple sites; or in the urine (bacteriuria). Upper UTIs include pyelonephritis, pyelitis and ureteritis. Lower UTIs include urethritis and cystitis.




Clinical Signs and Diagnosis

Urinary Tract Infection (UTi)
Because bladder infections are localized to the bladder, there are rarely signs of infection in other body systems: no fever, no appetite loss, and no change in the blood tests. The bladder is a sterile area of the body, which means that bacteria do not normally reside there. When bacteria (or any other organisms for that matter) gain entry and establish growth in the bladder, infection has occurred and symptoms can result. It is important to realize that it is the inflammation associated with infection that causes these symptoms. There can be infection without much inflammation (particularly if the patient is on a cortisone-type anti-inflammatory medication) and there can be inflammation without infection (the usual situation in feline lower urinary tract disease).

Pets with UTIs, can display some of the following signs:

Excessive water consumption
Urinating only small amounts at a time
Urinating frequently and in multiple spots
Inability to hold urine the normal amount of time/apparent incontinence
Bloody urine (though an infection must either involve a special organism, a bladder stone, a bladder tumour, or be particularly severe to make urine red to the naked eye)

It is especially important to realize that many animals do not show any externally visible signs of their bladder infections and, since they cannot talk, screening tests may be the only route to discovering the infection.





Management and Treatment

A simple bladder infection is usually easily treated with 10 to 14 days of antibiotics. The patient’s symptoms usually resolve quickly, within the first 2 days of treatment, though the entire course of treatment should be given. Inadequate treatment leads to infection recurrence and possibly future bacterial resistance.




Prevention

Risk factors will increase the chances of a UTI developing in any given situation. Risk factors include diuresis, corticosteroid use and perhaps most commonly, urethral catheterisation

date 2/04/2012


Canine Cough


Canine Cough


Overview

Canine Cough is a common, contagious, infectious, upper respiratory disease syndrome of dogs, characterized by a harsh, hacking cough. Canine Cough is also commonly referred to as Kennel Cough and Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (ITB). It is only a serious condition in special circumstances, as in general, it resolves on its own. A dog may generally feel active and maintain a normal appetite despite frequent bouts of coughing.




Causes

Sneezing, coughing, dog-to-dog contact and sharing of water bowls are important means of transmission. Puppies and adult dogs may be exposed to this disease in crowded areas or in any other situation where they have the opportunity for dog-to-dog contact such as:

Visits to dog parks
Dog shows
Boarding kennels
Training classes
Visits to the vet, pet shop or animal shelter

Canine Cough is a multifactorial disease syndrome. A number of viruses and bacteria, as well as environmental factors such as stress, dust and humidity can be involved. The most common infectious agents identified are:

Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria
Canine parainfluenza virus
Canine adenovirus type 2
Mycoplasma spp.

Bordetella bronchiseptica (bor-de-tell-a bron-ka-septi-ka) is regarded as the principle causative agent. It is closely related to Bordetella pertussis, the cause of whooping cough in people1. The Bordetella bacterium attacks specific tissues in the upper respiratory tract where it releases toxins. These toxins damage respiratory cells covered with hair-like cilia that function to clear infectious agents and debris from the airways.




Clinical Signs and Diagnosis

Clinical signs of Canine Cough include coughing associated with retching and expectoration. Dogs may show varying signs of illness, which could include:

Loss of appetite
Lack of energy
Retching or hacking
Nasal discharge
Loud, high pitched cough, often described as a “goose honk” (bouts of coughing can last for several weeks and may be exacerbated by exercise).

From exposure to onset of clinical signs can take 3-10 days. Infectious agents can be transmitted for extended periods after recovery from infection. Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria have been isolated from infected dogs for longer than three months, long after all clinical signs have resolved. These dogs may serve as a source of infection for many others2.




Management and Treatment


Canine Cough
Although most cases of the disease will recover on their own, Canine Cough may be treated with cough suppressants to provide comfort during natural recovery or combined with antibiotics to directly kill the Bordetella organism.
 
 
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The infection should improve partially after one week of treatment. If no improvement has been observed in this time, a re-check exam (possibly including radiographs of the chest) would be a recommended. Failure of Canine Cough to resolve suggests an underlying condition as the disease can activate a previously asymptomatic collapsing trachea or the condition may have progressed to pneumonia.




Prevention

It is important to realize that not all members of the Canine Cough complex can be vaccinated against. Vaccination must be regularly boosted and often vaccination simply reduces the severity of infection rather than completely preventing it.
 
 
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Several vaccines are available to help protect your dog from Canine Cough. Canvac® CCi vaccine can help protect your dog from Bordetella bronchiseptica. An initial series of 2 injections, 4 weeks apart, followed by annual revaccination are required. Ideally 7-10 days should be allowed between vaccination and exposure to high-risk situations. This allows the immune system to be best prepared to protect against disease should infection occur. Vanguard® Plus 5 or Vanguard® 5 vaccines, that form part of your dog’s routine vaccinations also help protect against canine parainfluenza virus and canine adenovirus type 2, both of which contribute to the canine cough syndrome.




References:

Ford RB. 2004. Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough), North East Veterinary Conference Proceedings.
Dats, C. 1998. Bordetella Infections in Dogs and Cats; Treatment and Prevention. Compendium Vol. 25. No. 12 pp 902-913

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